Fuel Type: Brennstoffzelle (FCV)

Verzögerte Auslieferungen treffen Europas E-Transporter-Markt

Während ein Großteil der Automobilindustrie während COVID-19 stagnierte, entwickelte sich der Markt für leichte Nutzfahrzeuge (LCV) rasant. Die Nachfrage nach Transportern stieg, da die Kunden verstärkt auf den Online-Handel setzten und die Unternehmen unbedingt mit dem veränderten Kaufverhalten Schritt halten wollten.

Nun hat der Sektor jedoch mit den gleichen externen Schwierigkeiten zu kämpfen wie der gesamte Automobilmarkt. Die Halbleiterknappheit, die durch den Ukraine-Krieg verursachten Probleme bei der Lieferung von Bauteilen und der Druck, auf emissionsfreie Technologien umzusteigen, führen zu rückläufigen Verkaufszahlen bei neuen Transportern. Die Listenpreise für Neufahrzeuge steigen, während die Restwerte (RW) im Allgemeinen positiv bleiben.

Ebenso wie auf dem Pkw-Markt gibt es hier einen zunehmenden Trend zur Elektrifizierung, insbesondere angesichts steigender Kraftstoffpreise. Der Markt für leichte Nutzfahrzeuge (LCV) stellt eine bedeutende Entwicklungschance für die Elektrifizierung dar. Allerdings müssen zunächst einige echte Hürden überwunden werden, wie z. B. Ladezeiten, Infrastruktur und logistische Praktikabilität.

Aber auch die Wasserstoff-Brennstoffzellentechnologie ist  eine vielversprechende Möglichkeit für den Kleintransporter-Markt. Wenn es um emissionsfreie LCV geht, bietet diese Technologie erhebliche Vorteile gegenüber batteriegestützten Antrieben. Unter anderem kürzere Tankzeiten und bessere Nutzlastmöglichkeiten, da das Batteriegewicht wegfällt. All dies könnte dazu führen, dass der Markt die Entwicklung dieser Treibstoffart stärker vorantreibt.

All diese Themen wurden in dem jüngsten Autovista24-Webinar „Europas Markt für leichte Nutzfahrzeuge – Der Weg in die Zukunft für neue und gebrauchte Transporter“ besprochen. Die Diskussionsteilnehmer befassten sich dabei mit unterschiedlichen europäischen Wirtschaftsszenarien, der Restwert-Entwicklung, den Aussichten für den britischen und den deutschen Markt, dem E-Transporter-Markt sowie der Frage, wie Wasserstoff in diesem Segment zulegen könnte.

Infrastruktur und andere Hürden

Der LCV-Markt sei ein schlafender Riese, was die Elektrifizierung betrifft, meinte Dr. Christof Engelskirchen, Chief Economist der Autovista Group. Es gebe allerdings noch einige Herausforderungen zu bewältigen, nicht zuletzt bei der erforderlichen Infrastruktur. Die bestehende E-Infrastruktur ist auf den Pkw-Markt ausgerichtet, was bedeutet, dass die Ladestationen für Kleintransporter teilweise zu eng sind, da diese größere Parkflächen und mehr Höhe benötigen. Zusätzlich brauchen Lieferwagenfahrer eine schnelle Ladezeit, um Lieferverzögerungen und daraus resultierende Auswirkungen auf die Geschäftskosten zu vermeiden.

Eine Lösung könnte die Einrichtung von Lieferzentren an den Stadträndern sein, von denen aus die letzte Lieferetappe mit Elektro-Transportern erfolgt. Laut Christian Schneider, Head of Analytics der Autovista Group, sollten solche Einrichtungen über spezielle Ladestationen für Lieferwagen verfügen.

„Obwohl alle Hersteller mittlerweile Elektrofahrzeugmodelle auf den Markt bringen, vermögen sich nur wenige auf dem Gebrauchtwagenmarkt durchzusetzen”, so Andy Picton, Chief Editor bei Glass’s, einem Unternehmen der Autovista Group. Gebrauchte E-Transporter würden sich möglicherweise besser für kleine und mittlere Unternehmen sowie Einzelunternehmer eignen, da diese Unternehmen in der Regel über kleinere Budgets verfügen, so dass preisgünstige Modelle attraktiver sind. Picton fügte hinzu, dass die jüngsten Kraftstoffpreiserhöhungen den Wechsel zu E-Fahrzeugen beschleunigen könnten.

Die Entwicklung neuer E-Transporter sei teuer, was zu einer zunehmenden Anzahl von Partnerschaften führe, wie z.B. die zwischen Ford und Volkswagen, meinte Picton außerdem. Andreas Geilenbruegge, Head of Valuations bei Schwacke/Autovista Group, merkte ebenfalls an, dass die Hersteller an der Reichweite und den Ladezeiten arbeiten müssten, um die Akzeptanz zu erhöhen. Dafür bräuchte es vor allem spezielle Ladestationen für E-Transporter – etwas, woran die Hersteller bereits arbeiten. Eine weitere Herausforderung stellt der Handel dar, da die Händler neben den technischen Daten und der Preisgestaltung auch die Technologie der Elektrofahrzeuge und deren Vorteile erklären müssten.

„Die Fahrzeughersteller stehen unter einem dreifachen Druck: die persönlichen CO2-Reduzierung, das allgemeine CO2-Fußabdruck-Ziel und die Vorgaben der Europäischen Kommission, nach der die Emissionen bis 2035 auf null reduziert werden sollten”, erklärte Pierre-Yves Combeaud, Vertriebsleiter bei Hyvia, einem Unternehmen für Wasserstoffmobilität. „Wir müssen den Unternehmen die Möglichkeit bieten, eine alternative Kraftstoffquelle für anspruchsvolle Fahrten zu nutzen – das gilt vor allem für große und eventuell auch mittelgroße LCVs.“

Wasserstoff als Option

Derzeit fahren mehr als 80 % der leichten Nutzfahrzeuge auf Europas Straßen mit Dieselmotoren. Grüner Wasserstoff bietet in vieler Hinsicht ähnliche Vorteile wie Diesel, wie z. B. kurze Betankungszeiten und große Reichweiten, jedoch ohne die schädlichen Emissionen. Die kohlenstofffreie Technologie ermöglicht den Fahrzeugen außerdem eine höhere Nutzlast, da keine schweren Akkus entscheidendes Gewicht hinzufügen.

Ebenso wie in der Frühphase des E-Auto-Marktes ist die fehlende Infrastruktur jedoch einer der Bereiche, der die Entwicklung und den Einsatz der Wasserstofftechnologie verzögert. Aber das wird sich ändern, wie Combeaud betonte: „Es ist möglich, dass es bis 2030 in Frankreich und Deutschland 1000 Wasserstofftankstellen geben wird, während bis 2035 im Rahmen des von der Europäischen Kommission angekündigten „Fit für 55“-Pakets alle 50 km eine Tankstelle auf den europäischen Autobahnen vorhanden sein muss.”

Picton wies auch darauf hin, dass der Markt für leichte Nutzfahrzeuge unter den gleichen Problemen in der Lieferkette leidet wie der Pkw-Sektor. Halbleiter stellen hierbei ein besonderes Problem dar. Ihm zufolge wird sich diese Situation möglicherweise erst Mitte 2023 wieder entspannen.

Steigende Neuwagenpreise, stabile Restwerte

Vor allem die Listenpreise für Dieselmodelle im Transportersegment sind stärker gestiegen als die für Pkw, und zwar um 7 % im Vergleich zu 4 %. Bei Diesel-Kleintransportern sind die Preise stärker gestiegen als bei E-Transportern. Laut Engelskirchen sind derartige Preissteigerungen ein Zeichen, dass die Hersteller auf eine Preisparität zwischen Verbrennungsmotoren und ihren elektrischen Pendants abzielen, wobei die Preise für Benzin- und Dieselmotoren steigen, während die Kosten für E-Transporter eher sinken.

Das Webinar steht hier zum Download zur Verfügung:

Quelle: Autovista24

„Der COVID-19-Boom hat für eine Angebotsverknappung auf dem Markt für neue Transporter gesorgt. Dies führte zusammen mit den Lieferproblemen bei Halbleitern dazu, dass alle europäischen Länder eine sehr positive Restwertentwicklung verzeichnen”, so Schneider. Die Restwertentwicklung werde zusätzlich von vermehrten Wohnmobilkäufen befeuert, da viele Menschen während der Pandemie auf einen Urlaub in den eigenen vier Wänden setzten. Wohnmobilkunden seien in dieser Hinsicht weniger preissensibel als Firmenkunden.

Derzeit widersetzt sich der europäische LCV-Markt dem Trend zur Elektrifizierung. Zum Teil ist dies darauf zurückzuführen, dass Transporter in Bezug auf Ladezeiten und Reichweite besondere Ansprüche haben. Auch Lieferschwierigkeiten erschweren die Einführung neuer Modelle auf dem Markt. Dies wird sich jedoch bald ändern, da immer mehr Elektromodelle auf den Markt kommen und gebrauchte E-Transporter über diverse Wiedervermarktungskanäle verkauft werden. Obwohl der Sektor dem Trend zu E-Pkws hinterherhinkt, besteht hier ebenso die Anforderung, die Null-Emissionen-Ziele zu erfüllen. Allerdings wird sich auch Wasserstoff in den kommenden Jahren zu einer echten Alternative entwickeln.

Dieser Inhalt wird Ihnen präsentiert von Autovista24.

Wir möchten Sie darauf hinweisen, dass es sich bei diesem Artikel um eine Übersetzung handelt. Das Original wurde in englischer Sprache auf Autovista24 veröffentlicht. Sollte dieser Artikel kleinere grammatikalische Fehler enthalten, bitten wir, dies zu entschuldigen. Im Falle einer Diskrepanz zwischen den beiden Texten ist die englische Version maßgeblich.

Podcast: How is European automotive adapting to pandemic and climate-change fallout?

Daily Brief editor Phil Curry and journalist Tom Geggus discuss key activities and developments in the European automotive sector from the past fortnight. These include COVID-19’s effect on the uptake of mobility-as-a-service (MAAS), different fuel types, and autonomous technology.

https://soundcloud.com/autovistagroup/consumers-post-covid-automotive-outlook

Show notes

Cazoo buys Cluno as CaaS options increase

Significant downturns in European registrations in February

Lockdown drives German new-car registrations down by 19% in February

February UK new-car registrations plunge to level of 1959

VW accelerates towards electric and digital future

VW aims for commercialised autonomous systems in 2025

Is it too early to go ‘EV-only’?

Ford to be zero-emission capable in Europe by 2026

Jaguar makes BEV and hydrogen changes on path to net zero

Volvo to go all electric and online by 2030

E-fuels gain awareness as Mazda joins alliance

Toyota continues hydrogen push

Toyota is highlighting its commitment to a hydrogen future by announcing a series of measures designed to improve infrastructure and supply chains, as the automotive industry continues to increase its interest in the zero-carbon propulsion technology.

The carmaker’s European arm has established a Fuel Cell Business Group to oversee hydrogen activities across the region. Based in Brussels, it will strengthen the business case for hydrogen and support its introduction into mobility and other fields, making it accessible to new commercial partners.

To accelerate hydrogen’s widespread take-up, Toyota will focus on hydrogen ‘clusters’ or eco-systems in European centres where local infrastructure is supporting transport fleets and mobility services. It believes activity like this will drive demand for hydrogen, bringing down costs and strengthening the viability of the supply infrastructure, which in turn will attract more customers.

Through the new Fuel Cell Business Group, Toyota will work closely with industry partners, national and regional governments, and organisations to stimulate the development of hydrogen eco-systems in more locations and progress towards the goal of a hydrogen society.

Speaking at Toyota’s Kenshiki forum last week, Thiebault Paquet, director of the Fuel Cell Business Group, said: ‘The benefits of hydrogen are clear. That is why we expect our global sales of fuel-cell systems to increase by a factor of 10 in the short term, and why we have dramatically increased our production capacity.’

Wider field

In addition to its movements in Europe, Toyota is also joining the Japan Hydrogen Association (JH2A), a new entity aiming to promote the global collaboration and formation of a hydrogen supply chain.

The new organisation aims to maintain Japan’s lead in the development of hydrogen systems for various markets, including automotive. Both Toyota and Honda were leaders in hydrogen research for mobility, although the latter dropped out of the market before bringing its Clarity concept model to sale.

‘As part of our various efforts to contribute to the mitigation of global warming through the reduction of CO2 emissions, Toyota will actively make efforts together with our JH2A colleagues to realise the JH2A’s purpose of establishing a hydrogen society at an early point,’ the carmaker said.

Model launch

These involvements in hydrogen society come as Toyota launches its second-generation Mirai. The first-generation model was one of the first hydrogen-powered cars to come to market.

A priority of the new model has been to improve its driving range compared to the first-generation version. Increased power and hydrogen fuel capacity, improved efficiency and better aerodynamics all contribute to extending the driving range by 30% to around 400 miles.

Improvements have also been made to the fuel-cell stack, allowing it to sit on the new GA-L platform and use space more efficiently. A smaller but more efficient lithium-ion battery has also been included.

Increasing awareness

Toyota’s moves follow an announcement last month that Hyundai and market newcomer Ineos had signed a memorandum of understanding to explore new opportunities and accelerate the global hydrogen economy. The agreement also includes the evaluation of Hyundai’s proprietary fuel-cell system for the recently announced Ineos Grenadier.

BMW is also exploring hydrogen deployment, while in Germany, some states are looking at creating a hydrogen economy to take advantage of the zero-carbon emissions. There is also a move to explore hydrogen for heavy-goods vehicles, with Daimler looking to lead the way in this regard. However, the German vehicle manufacturer has ruled out the technology making its way into its passenger cars.

As most carmakers push to launch battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) to comply with strict EU emissions targets, the move from development to market means there is now more time for them to research other low- and zero-carbon technologies. Hydrogen has been around for some time, with Toyota starting its studies in fuel cells in 1992. The technology provides short refuelling times and long ranges, making it similar to internal combustion engine (ICE) technologies. However, the only emission is water, therefore making it a viable alternative to CO2 and NOx emitting petrol and diesel engines.

Hydrogen technology bringing benefits to automotive industry

With the transition away from internal combustion engines (ICE), carmakers and governments are exploring the benefits of hydrogen technology, with the announcement of new schemes and programmes across Europe.

Hyundai has announced a new campaign, launching in Berlin that will promote the technology using social media influencers. Meanwhile, the French Government plans to use clean hydrogen in industrial processes and transport to cut the country’s CO2 output in 2030 by 27 million tonnes.

France aware

As part of a ‘relaunch’ plan, the French government has announced that it will invest €7 billion in hydrogen to help the country achieve its goal of becoming carbon-neutral by 2050.

‘The relaunch is an opportunity for France to position itself at the cutting edge of breakthrough technologies. Decarbonised hydrogen is one of them and France is convinced that it will be one of the most important revolutions of our century. It will aid development of solutions for emission-free mobility, energy storage and provide energy in response to intermittency of renewable energies,’ commented Barbara Pompili, minister of ecological transition, in a report dedicated to the benefits of a hydrogen society.

The €7 billion will be invested across three priorities: the decarbonisation of industry to help the country reach its 2050 goal, the development of mobility solutions using hydrogen and support for research and development in the sector, and the development of training initiatives.

France will launch tenders as soon as 2021 to create clean hydrogen hubs and electrolyser factories, targeting 6.5 gigawatts of installed capacity by 2030.

The announcement has been met with enthusiasm by automotive supplier Michelin, which is working with Faurecia to develop hydrogen systems for the market.

‘This plan is a major step in the development of a French hydrogen industry of excellence,’ commented Florent Menegaux, CEO of Michelin Group. ‘[We are] convinced that hydrogen mobility will be one of the essential components of clean mobility, complementary to electric batteries.

Hydrogen hubs

With regard to large-scale regional hydrogen hub projects, Michelin intends to accelerate its development with industry stakeholders. The Group is a pioneer with Zero Emission Valley, the first European initiative to deploy hydrogen mobility on a regional scale (Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes). This project provides for the installation of 20 stations powered by green hydrogen, and the deployment of 1,200 hydrogen vehicles for business use by 2023.

Michelin is also taking a number of other actions to facilitate the deployment of hydrogen mobility, including motor racing, which the Group considers an essential laboratory for innovation and technological showcase. As such, in June 2020, the Group and Symbio, the partnership between Michelin and Faurecia, became partners of the Mission H24 project that aims to apply hydrogen technology to endurance vehicles competing in the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 2024.

Social influence

Hyundai has been developing hydrogen technology for some time and is considered a leader in the technology, along with Toyota. Both carmakers have fuel cell electric-vehicles (FCEVs) on the market and are continuing to refine fuel cell technology.

As part of a vision to facilitate ‘Progress for Humanity’, the carmaker has launched its Hydrogen to You (H2U) campaign, which it hopes will raise awareness of its leadership in hydrogen fuel cell technology and its vital role in the emerging ecosystem of sustainable mobility, infrastructures and lifestyles.

H2U shines a spotlight on NEXO, the brand’s flagship FCEV. Working with Berlin-based H2U ambassadors, whose interests and talents span diverse aspects of everyday life, Hyundai takes them on a journey with NEXO and invites them to make hydrogen mobility personal.

The campaign challenges the ambassadors to reflect on the industries they work in and demonstrate how hydrogen fuel cell mobility fosters a sustainable lifestyle and positively impacts their everyday life, fostering a healthy environment and improving the economy and society for a better future.

This team of H2U ambassadors directly addresses consumers who have demanded new technologies and holistic solutions that do not require fossil fuels. These ambassadors span the worlds of music, fashion, science, photography and technology, and are made up of various influencers in these markets.

‘The H2U program is one expression of our company vision: Progress for Humanity,’ said Wonhong Cho, executive vice president and global chief marketing officer at Hyundai Motor Company. ‘It is a platform to raise awareness of hydrogen technology’s role in helping to overcome the environmental challenges of our time.’

Why now?

A need to rapidly reduce CO2 emissions across fleets has pushed carmakers to develop battery-electric technology, which was much more advanced in the research stage and offers an immediate answer to the decline of diesel, which was being relied upon to reduce emissions up until the dieselgate scandal. Now many manufacturers have launched battery-electric vehicles (BEVs), apart from refining their technology, they are able to consider other options.

Alongside this, governments across the continent see the potential of hydrogen in helping their countries become low- or zero-carbon. The biggest issue is the processing of the fuel into a usable medium. However, with funding, climate-friendly techniques can be found and the benefits of hydrogen can be exploited.

Hydrogen fuel cells produce electricity to drive a vehicle using a reaction between the fuel and oxygen. Vehicles using the technology still use a battery to benefit from no fossil-fuel related emissions. However rather than a 30-minute or more charging session, drivers simply fill a tank of hydrogen in much the same way as a petrol or diesel model. Therefore, a FCEV can travel distances upwards of 200 miles and refuel in minutes, making it as convenient as current ICE vehicles. The reaction of hydrogen and oxygen in the fuel cell only produces one emission – H2O, or water.

BMW promotes hydrogen technology with new model in 2022

BMW has confirmed that its i Hydrogen Next technology will go on sale in 2022, with a new model, based on the current X5, becoming the first to feature the powertrain.

The carmaker announced plans to develop a hydrogen drive system for sale last year. However, since then Daimler has pulled out of developing the technology for passenger vehicles, while pressure has increased on all carmakers to create electrified drivetrains to lower average emissions. But the German manufacturer remains committed to hydrogen, seeing the long-term benefits of the zero-emission technology.

The carmaker has been working with Toyota, a leader in the development of hydrogen powertrains, to develop the technology for its vehicles. Since summer 2015, the BMW Group has been testing development vehicles, based on the BMW 5-Series GT, that are equipped with a jointly developed fuel-cell system. 

The fuel-cell stack that will power the new BMW i Hydrogen NEXT model is an original development of the BMW Group, according to the company. The individual cells of the fuel cell come from Toyota. An automated research facility for the production of fuel-cell stacks is used in the manufacture of the X5 pilot fleet.

The testing of innovative production technologies is an important step in the preparation of scalable, time, cost and quality optimised production of hydrogen fuel-cell drives.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PmSXAbkvoE8&feature=emb_logo

‘In the future, the hydrogen fuel-cell drive can be an attractive alternative to battery-electric vehicles (BEVs), especially for customers who do not have access to their own charging infrastructure and who often drive long distances,’ the company said. ‘With a sufficient refuelling infrastructure, hydrogen vehicles offer great flexibility, since the full range is available again after a short refuelling process of around four minutes – regardless of temperature conditions.’

Beneficial technology

Hydrogen has the potential to sit alongside BEV technology and create a two-fuel system once various countries ban the internal combustion engine. It offers drivers a longer range than some BEVs. At the same time, refuelling times are comparable to petrol and diesel, meaning those covering longer journeys would be able to do so with ease in a vehicle that only emits H2O from the exhaust.

Toyota has led the way with hydrogen development and was the first to bring a production car to market, albeit in small numbers. Hyundai is also developing the technology, while Daimler, which pulled out of researching and producing fuel-cell passenger cars, will instead focus on the use of hydrogen in larger commercial vehicles.

‘What we see today is a rapid shift into battery, because to produce fuel-cell power, you need to have an electric powertrain first,’ Toyota’s manager of alternative fuels, Jon Hunt, said at a summit earlier this year. ‘So that’s where the development is occurring, before moving to fuel-cell electric vehicles (FCEV).’

‘Notwithstanding that, there are many manufacturers who have huge issues of achieving their emission reductions to avoid fines. That means that they have to have a certain proportion of zero-emission cars. That is distorting the market.’

Coronavirus impact

However, the current situation the market finds itself in following the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and associated lockdowns may change the timeline of hydrogen development.

Carmakers are facing large fines if they fail to bring down their average fleet emissions by the end of 2021, and with the diesel market collapsing, the only way to do this is by manufacturing a technology that is already further along the development path – and that is battery-electric. With COVID-19 and the resulting economic turmoil, development budgets will likely be cut, and therefore hydrogen technology will suffer.

Yet with Toyota, Hyundai and now BMW actively pursuing hydrogen as an alternative fuel of choice, their development may aid others in the research of the technology. Toyota has already announced it will allow access to its patents around hydrogen.

Committed choice

BMW sees hydrogen as giving its customers another choice when it comes to vehicle powertrains.

‘Politicians have recognised the importance of green hydrogen for the energy system of the future,’ said BMW CEO Oliver Zipse, referring to the support of the German Government with the National Hydrogen Strategy. ‘We expressly welcome the various initiatives. For road traffic, an expansion of the infrastructure is now required, which takes into account the needs of both commercial vehicles and cars. Depending on how the general conditions develop, hydrogen fuel-cell technology has the potential to become another pillar in the BMW Group’s drive portfolio.’

Zipse added to his feelings about hydrogen technology at BMW’s annual general meeting (AGM), saying: ‘We continue to invest consciously in various technologies. This includes hydrogen fuel-cell technology. Ultimately, this is the most intelligent and fastest way to effective climate protection.’

Outside influence

The BMW Group also has experience with the use of hydrogen outside of drive development. The company has always followed the path of resource-saving and sustainable production of vehicles and is continuing this path with the use of hydrogen.

The carmaker’s Leipzig plant has been operating hydrogen-powered industrial trucks since 2013. The use of innovative hydrogen technology offers the site the long-term opportunity to further promote decarbonisation. 

‘With the National Hydrogen Strategy and the billions promised to be implemented in the economic stimulus package, the Federal Government has sent a clear signal,’ said Peter Altmaier, Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy, while visiting the Leipzig plant recently. ‘We will shape the framework and actively support the economy in the development and use of hydrogen technology. However, the marketable implementation of hydrogen technologies lies with the companies. And I am therefore very happy that there are many companies like BMW in Germany that have the vision, the courage and the innovative strength to make this technology a market success.’

Vehicle details

The system performance of the BMW i Hydrogen NEXT comes to a total of 275kW (374hp) according to the carmaker.

‘With the drive system of the BMW i Hydrogen NEXT, the fuel-cell system generates up to 125 kW (170hp) of electrical energy, which is obtained from the chemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen from the air,’ says Jürgen Guldner, head of BMW Group Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology and vehicle projects. ‘This means that the vehicle only emits water vapour.’

The electrical converter, which is located below the fuel cell, adjusts its voltage level to that of the electrical drive and the power buffer battery. This is fed by both the kinetic energy from braking and the energy of the fuel cell. 

The vehicle itself houses two 700 bar tanks, which together hold six kilograms of hydrogen. ‘This guarantees long ranges in all weather conditions,’ Guldner adds. ‘The refuelling process only takes three to four minutes.’